Byzantine Emperor Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople, and his general, Basiliscus gains control of the empire.

List of Byzantine emperorsZeno (emperor)ConstantinopleBasiliscus

Twelfth Council of Toledo: King Erwig of the Visigoths initiates a council in which he implements diverse measures against the Jews in Spain.

Twelfth Council of ToledoErwigVisigoths

Jin-Song Wars: Invading Jurchen soldiers from the Jin dynasty besiege and sack Bianjing (Kaifeng), the capital of the Song dynasty of China, and abduct Emperor Qinzong of Song and others, ending the Northern Song dynasty.

Jin-Song WarsJurchen peopleJin dynasty (1115-1234)Jingkang IncidentKaifeng

Wanyan Liang and other court officials murder Emperor Xizong of Jin. Wanyan Liang succeeds him as emperor.

Wanyan LiangEmperor Xizong of Jin

The Jewish population of Basel, believed by the residents to be the cause of the ongoing Black Death, is rounded up and incinerated.

BaselBlack DeathBasel massacre

Judges' investigations for the trial of Joan of Arc begin in Rouen, France, the seat of the English occupation government.

Joan of ArcRouen

Ahmad Shah Durrani defeats the Marathas in the Battle of Barari Ghat.

Ahmad Shah DurraniMarathaIndian Campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani

Connecticut becomes the fifth state to ratify the Constitution.

ConnecticutUnited States Constitution

Treaty of Jassy between Russian and Ottoman Empire is signed.

Treaty of Jassy

Jean-Pierre Blanchard becomes the first person to fly in a balloon in the United States.

Jean-Pierre BlanchardBalloon

British Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger introduces an income tax of two shillings to the pound to raise funds for Great Britain's war effort in the Napoleonic Wars.

Prime Minister of the United KingdomWilliam Pitt the YoungerIncome taxShillingPound sterling

Admiral Horatio Lord Nelson receives a state funeral and is interred in St Paul's Cathedral.

Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount NelsonState funeralSt Paul's Cathedral

Sir Humphry Davy tests his safety lamp for miners at Hebburn Colliery.

Humphry DavyDavy lampHebburn Colliery

The Portuguese prince Pedro I of Brazil decides to stay in Brazil against the orders of the Portuguese King João VI, beginning the Brazilian independence process.

Pedro I of BrazilBrazilJohn VI of Portugal

The French Academy of Sciences announces the Daguerreotype photography process.

French Academy of SciencesDaguerreotypePhotography

The 7.9 Mw Fort Tejon earthquake shakes Central and Southern California with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent).

1857 Fort Tejon earthquakeCentral CaliforniaSouthern CaliforniaMercalli intensity scale

Anson Jones, the last President of the Republic of Texas, commits suicide.

Anson JonesRepublic of Texas

American Civil War: "Star of the West" incident occurs near Charleston, South Carolina.

American Civil WarStar of the WestCharleston, South Carolina

Mississippi becomes the second state to secede from the Union before the outbreak of the American Civil War.

Mississippi

Umberto I becomes King of Italy.

Umberto I of ItalyKingdom of Italy

New England Telephone and Telegraph installs the first battery-operated telephone switchboard in Lexington, Massachusetts.

New England Telephone and Telegraph CompanyBattery (electricity)Telephone switchboardLexington, Massachusetts

Hallam Tennyson, 2nd Baron Tennyson, son of the poet Alfred Tennyson, becomes the second Governor-General of Australia.

Hallam Tennyson, 2nd Baron TennysonAlfred, Lord TennysonGovernor-General of Australia

Ernest Shackleton, leading the Nimrod Expedition to the South Pole, plants the British flag 97 nautical miles (180 km; 112 mi) from the South Pole, the farthest anyone had ever reached at that time.

Ernest ShackletonNimrod ExpeditionSouth PoleFlag of the United KingdomFarthest South

Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity Inc., the first historically black intercollegiate Greek-letter fraternity to be officially recognized at Howard University, is founded.

Phi Beta Sigma

World War I: The Battle of Gallipoli concludes with an Ottoman Empire victory when the last Allied forces are evacuated from the peninsula.

World War IGallipoli CampaignOttoman Empire

World War I: The Battle of Rafa is fought near the Egyptian border with Palestine.

Battle of RafaEgyptHistory of Palestine

Battle of Bear Valley: The last battle of the American Indian Wars.

Battle of Bear ValleyAmerican Indian Wars

Greco-Turkish War: The First Battle of İnönü, the first battle of the war, begins near Eskişehir in Anatolia.

Greco-Turkish War (1919-22)First Battle of İnönüEskişehirAnatolia

Juan de la Cierva makes the first autogyro flight.

Juan de la CiervaAutogyro

Lithuanian residents of the Memel Territory rebel against the League of Nations' decision to leave the area as a mandated region under French control.

LithuaniansMemel TerritoryKlaipėda RevoltLeague of NationsLeague of Nations mandate