Arab-Byzantine wars: The Battle of Yarmouk between Byzantine Empire and Rashidun Caliphate begins.

Arab-Byzantine warsBattle of YarmoukByzantine EmpireRashidun Caliphate

Arab-Byzantine wars: Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik begins the Second Arab Siege of Constantinople, which will last for nearly a year.

Maslama ibn Abd al-MalikSecond Arab Siege of Constantinople

Arab-Byzantine wars: Raising of the Second Arab Siege of Constantinople.

Second Arab Siege of Constantinople

Carloman, mayor of the palace of Austrasia, renounces his position as majordomo and retires to a monastery near Rome. His brother Pepin the Short becomes the sole ruler (de facto) of the Frankish Kingdom.

Carloman (mayor of the palace)AustrasiaMajordomoMonasteryPepin the Short

The Battle of Roncevaux Pass, at which Roland is killed.

Battle of Roncevaux PassRoland

Noble Erchana of Dahauua grants the Bavarian town of Dachau to the Diocese of Freising

BavariaDachauRoman Catholic Archdiocese of Munich and Freising

The Saracens conquer and destroy Taranto.

SaracenTaranto

Holy Roman Emperor Otto II is defeated by the Saracens in the Battle of Capo Colonna, in Calabria

Holy Roman EmperorOtto II, Holy Roman EmperorSaracenBattle of Capo ColonnaCalabria

Byzantine general Eustathios Daphnomeles blinds and captures Ibatzes of Bulgaria by a ruse, thereby ending Bulgarian resistance against Emperor Basil II's conquest of Bulgaria.

Eustathios DaphnomelesIvatsBasil IIByzantine conquest of Bulgaria

King Stephen I, the first king of Hungary, dies; his nephew, Peter Orseolo, succeeds him.

Stephen I of HungaryPeter Orseolo

King Macbeth is killed at the Battle of Lumphanan by the forces of Máel Coluim mac Donnchada.

Macbeth, King of ScotlandBattle of LumphananMalcolm III of Scotland

The Pavian-born Benedictine Lanfranc is appointed as the new Archbishop of Canterbury in England.

PaviaBenedictineLanfrancArchbishop of Canterbury

The cave city of Vardzia is consecrated by Queen Tamar of Georgia.

VardziaTamar of Georgia

The Battle of the Puig takes place in the context of the Spanish Reconquista pitting the forces of the Taifa of Valencia against the Kingdom of Aragon. The battle resulted in an Aragonese victory.

Battle of the PuigSpanish ReconquistaTaifa of ValenciaKingdom of Aragon

The foundation stone of Cologne Cathedral, built to house the relics of the Three Wise Men, is laid. (Construction is eventually completed in 1880.)

CornerstoneCologne CathedralShrine of the Three KingsBiblical Magi1880

Michael VIII Palaiologos is crowned Byzantine emperor in Constantinople.

Michael VIII PalaiologosList of Byzantine emperorsConstantinople

Mongol invasion of Japan: The Mongolian fleet of Kublai Khan is destroyed by a "divine wind" for the second time in the Battle of Kōan.

Mongol invasions of JapanMongol EmpireKublai KhanKamikaze (typhoon)Battle of Kōan

The city of Rhodes surrenders to the forces of the Knights of St. John, completing their conquest of Rhodes. The knights establish their headquarters on the island and rename themselves the Knights of Rhodes.

Rhodes (city)Knights HospitallerRhodesKnights Hospitaller

Francesco Sforza, lord of Milan, conquers Lucca.

Francesco I SforzaMilanLucca

The Empire of Trebizond surrenders to the forces of Sultan Mehmed II. This is regarded by some historians as the real end of the Byzantine Empire. Emperor David is exiled and later murdered.

Empire of TrebizondMehmed IIByzantine EmpireDavid of Trebizond

Pope Sixtus IV consecrates the Sistine Chapel.

Pope Sixtus IVSistine Chapel

Afonso de Albuquerque of Portugal conquers Malacca, the capital of the Malacca Sultanate.

Afonso de AlbuquerqueCapture of Malacca (1511)MalaccaMalacca Sultanate

Seven Portuguese armed vessels led by Fernão Pires de Andrade meet Chinese officials at the Pearl River estuary.

WatercraftFernão Pires de AndradePearl River Delta

Panama City, Panama is founded.

Panama City, Panama

Ignatius of Loyola and six classmates take initial vows, leading to the creation of the Society of Jesus in September 1540.

Ignatius of LoyolaSociety of Jesus

Asunción, Paraguay is founded.

Asunción, Paraguay

Arequipa, Peru is founded.

Arequipa, Peru

Jesuit priest Francis Xavier comes ashore at Kagoshima (Traditional Japanese date: 22 July 1549).

Society of JesusFrancis XavierKagoshimaJapanese calendar

Nine Years' War: Battle of Curlew Pass: Irish forces led by Hugh Roe O'Donnell successfully ambush English forces, led by Sir Conyers Clifford, sent to relieve Collooney Castle.

Nine Years' War (Ireland)Battle of Curlew PassHugh Roe O'DonnellConyers Clifford

French forces end the bombardment of Brussels.

Bombardment of Brussels