Second Punic War: At the Battle of Zama, Roman legions under Scipio Africanus defeat Hannibal Barca, leader of the army defending Carthage.

Second Punic WarBattle of ZamaRoman RepublicScipio AfricanusHannibal Barca

The Vandals, led by King Gaiseric, take Carthage in North Africa.

VandalsGaisericCarthage

King John of England dies at Newark-on-Trent and is succeeded by his nine-year-old son Henry.

King John of EnglandNewark-on-TrentHenry III of England

The Universität Heidelberg holds its first lecture, making it the oldest German university.

Heidelberg University

The Hundred Years' War ends with the French recapture of Bordeaux, leaving English control only on Calais

Hundred Years' War

The Thirteen Years' War ends with the Second Treaty of Thorn.

Thirteen Years' War (1454-66)Second Peace of Thorn (1466)

Ferdinand II of Aragon marries Isabella I of Castile, a marriage that paves the way to the unification of Aragon and Castile into a single country, Spain.

Ferdinand II of AragonIsabella I of CastileAragonCrown of Castile

Martin Luther becomes a doctor of theology (Doctor in Biblia).

Martin Luther

New Ross town, County Wexford, Ireland, surrenders to Oliver Cromwell.

New RossCounty WexfordOliver Cromwell

At Yorktown, Virginia, representatives of British commander Lord Cornwallis hand over Cornwallis' sword and formally surrender to George Washington and the comte de Rochambeau.

Siege of YorktownCharles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess CornwallisGeorge WashingtonJean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau

John Jay is sworn in as the first Chief Justice of the United States.

John JayChief Justice of the United States

Napoleonic Wars: Austrian General Mack surrenders his army to the Grande Armée of Napoleon Bonaparte at the Battle of Ulm; 30,000 prisoners are captured and 10,000 casualties inflicted on the losers.

Napoleonic WarsKarl Mack von LeiberichGrande ArméeNapoleonBattle of Ulm

Napoleon Bonaparte retreats from Moscow.

Napoleon

The Battle of Leipzig concludes, giving Napoleon Bonaparte one of his worst defeats.

Battle of LeipzigNapoleon

In Parnaíba; Simplício Dias da Silva, João Cândido de Deus e Silva and Domingos Dias declare the independent state of Piauí.

ParnaíbaPiauí

Battle of Cedar Creek: A U.S. Army force under Philip Sheridan destroys a Confederate army under Jubal Early.

Battle of Cedar CreekUnion ArmyPhilip SheridanJubal Early

St. Albans Raid: Confederate raiders launch an attack on Saint Albans, Vermont from Canada.

St. Albans RaidConfederate States of AmericaSaint Albans, Vermont

Austria cedes Veneto and Mantua to France, which immediately awards them to Italy in exchange for the earlier Italian acquiescence to the French annexation of Savoy and Nice.

VenetoMantuaSavoyNice

Max Planck discovers the law of black-body radiation (Planck's law).

Max PlanckBlack-body radiationPlanck's law

Italy takes possession of Tripoli, Libya from the Ottoman Empire.

ItalyTripoliLibyaOttoman Empire

The First Battle of Ypres begins.

First Battle of Ypres

Portuguese Prime Minister António Granjo and other politicians are murdered in a Lisbon coup.

António GranjoLisbonBloody Night

British Conservative MPs meeting at the Carlton Club vote to break off the Coalition Government with David Lloyd George of the Liberal Party.

Conservative Party (UK)Member of ParliamentCarlton Club meetingLloyd George ministryDavid Lloyd George

Germany withdraws from the League of Nations.

GermanyLeague of Nations

The League of Nations places economic sanctions on fascist Italy for its invasion of Ethiopia.

League of NationsFascist Italy (1922-43)Ethiopia

The cargo vessel Sinfra is attacked by Allied aircraft at Souda Bay, Crete, and sunk; 2,098 Italian prisoners of war drown with it.

MS SinfraSouda BayCrete

Streptomycin, the first antibiotic remedy for tuberculosis, is isolated by researchers at Rutgers University.

StreptomycinAntibioticTuberculosisRutgers University

United States forces land in the Philippines.

Battle of Leyte

A coup is launched against Juan Federico Ponce Vaides, beginning the ten-year Guatemalan Revolution

Juan Federico Ponce VaidesGuatemalan Revolution

The People's Liberation Army takes control of the town of Chamdo; this is sometimes called the "Invasion of Tibet".

People's Liberation ArmyChamdoInvasion of Tibet (1950)