The Alemanni cross the Rhine and invade Gaul. Emperor Valentinian I moves to Paris to command the army and defend the Gallic cities.

AlemanniRhineGaulValentinian I

Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk, Bishop of Freising, which is the oldest known document using the name Ostarrîchi (Austria in Old High German).

Otto III, Holy Roman EmperorRoman Catholic Archdiocese of Munich and FreisingOstarrîchiOld High German

Empress Matilda's reign as 'Lady of the English' ends with Stephen of Blois regaining the title of King of England.

Empress MatildaStephen, King of England

Philip II is crowned King of France.

Philip II of FranceCoronation

The port city of Sinope surrenders to the Seljuq Turks.

Sinop, TurkeySiege of SinopeSeljuq Turks

The anti-royalist Union of Valencia attacks the Jews of Murviedro on the pretext that they are serfs of the King of Valencia and thus "royalists".

Union of ValenciaMurviedroSerfKing of Valencia

Pope Julius II is elected.

Pope Julius II

The ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, painted by Michelangelo, is exhibited to the public for the first time.

Sistine ChapelMichelangelo

The Strait of Magellan, the passage immediately south of mainland South America connecting the Pacific and the Atlantic Oceans, is first discovered and navigated by European explorer Ferdinand Magellan during the first recorded circumnavigation voyage.

Strait of MagellanFerdinand MagellanCircumnavigation

French Huguenots establish the France Antarctique colony in present-day Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

HuguenotFrance AntarctiqueRio de Janeiro

The All Saints' Flood devastates the Dutch coast.

All Saints' Flood (1570)

William Shakespeare's tragedy Othello is performed for the first time, at Whitehall Palace in London.

William ShakespeareOthelloWhitehall Palace

Shakespeare's play The Tempest is performed for the first time, at Whitehall Palace in London.

The Tempest

During the Time of Troubles, Polish troops are expelled from Moscow's Kitay-gorod by Russian troops under the command of Dmitry Pozharsky (22 October O.S.) .

Time of TroublesKitay-gorodDmitry Pozharsky22 OctoberOld Style

The British Crown colony of New York is subdivided into 12 counties.

Province of New YorkList of counties in New York

William III of Orange sets out a second time from Hellevoetsluis in the Netherlands to seize the crowns of England, Scotland and Ireland from King James II of England during the Glorious Revolution.

William III of OrangeHellevoetsluisKing James II of EnglandGlorious Revolution

In Portugal, Lisbon is totally devastated by a massive earthquake and tsunami, killing between 60,000 and 90,000 people.

Lisbon1755 Lisbon earthquakeTsunami

The British Parliament enacts the Stamp Act on the Thirteen Colonies in order to help pay for British military operations in North America.

Stamp Act 1765Thirteen Colonies

Edmund Burke publishes Reflections on the Revolution in France, in which he predicts that the French Revolution will end in a disaster.

Edmund BurkeReflections on the Revolution in FranceFrench Revolution

John Adams becomes the first President of the United States to live in the Executive Mansion (later renamed the White House).

John AdamsWhite House

Napoleon Bonaparte invades Austria during the War of the Third Coalition.

Napoleon IAustrian EmpireWar of the Third Coalition

Congress of Vienna opens to re-draw the European political map after the defeat of France in the Napoleonic Wars.

Congress of ViennaNapoleonic Wars

In Boston, Massachusetts, the first medical school for women, Boston Female Medical School (which later merged with the Boston University School of Medicine), opens.

BostonMassachusettsMedical schoolBoston University

American Civil War: U.S. President Abraham Lincoln appoints George B. McClellan as the commander of the Union Army, replacing General Winfield Scott.

American Civil WarAbraham LincolnGeorge B. McClellanUnion ArmyWinfield Scott

In the United States, the Weather Bureau (later renamed the National Weather Service) makes its first official meteorological forecast.

National Weather ServiceMeteorology

The Gaelic Athletic Association is set up in Hayes's Hotel in Thurles, County Tipperary.

Gaelic Athletic AssociationThurles

Nicholas II becomes the new (and last) Tsar of Russia after his father, Alexander III, dies.

Nicholas II of RussiaRussian EmpireAlexander III of Russia

Buffalo Bill, 15 of his Indians, and Annie Oakley were filmed by Thomas Edison in his Black Maria Studio in West Orange, New Jersey.

Buffalo BillAnnie OakleyThomas EdisonEdison's Black Maria

A picture showing the bare breasts of a woman appears in National Geographic magazine for the first time.

National Geographic (magazine)

The first Library of Congress building opens its doors to the public; the library had previously been housed in the Congressional Reading Room in the U.S. Capitol.

Library of Congress